| Mastery of fundamental facts and rules |
Elementary Age: Concrete thinkers Information sponges Memorization comes naturally |
Latin (An ancient language that’s at the root of most English words.) |
| Training in comprehension and sound reasoning skills |
Middle School Age: Beginning to think abstractly Growth of reasoning and analytical thinking abilities |
Logic (The study of the science of sound reasoning.) |
| Development of communication, expression and application skills |
High School Age: Abstract thinkers Interest in self-expression, communication and creativity |
Rhetoric (The study of the effective use of language in speech and writing.) |
| Often emphasizes look/say & whole language. |
Emphasizes mastery of the units of sound. |
| Student progresses from basal readers to popular trade books. |
Student begins reading “great books” as soon as he is able. |
| Emphasizes abstract concepts above rote learning of math facts, tables, rules, etc. |
Emphasizes mastery of facts, rules, tables, etc. as well as repetitive drills to make math processes habitual. |
| Explicit teaching of Bible is usually discouraged or prohibited. |
Emphasizes systematic Bible reading, study and application. |
| Less emphasis on rules. Sometimes allows for inventive spelling. |
Rule-guided, prescriptive spelling. If it’s not right, it’s wrong. |
| Multi-cultural influences lead to ignorance of achievements of Western Civilization. Revisionism is often used to support vogue ideological agendas. |
Emphasizes history as having purpose because it is the work of God’s providence. Holds that our heritage should be understood, and unless at variance with Scripture, appreciated. |
| Emphasis on creativity and self-expression, as opposed to the more rigorous discipline of wordsmithing. |
Teaches student to recognize and use formal structures of persuasion and presentation (the science of Rhetoric). |
| Promotes expression of student’s own opinion, along with whatever reasons he may have for holding it. The end goal tends to be self-expression as opposed to discovery of the truth. |
Emphasizes real difference between truth and validity. Teaches student to identify fallacies of form and distraction –Logic as science. |
| Foreign languages are not required for non-native speakers and are taught only for practical or multicultural/diversity reasons. Latin is now virtually extinct and is usually viewed as irrelevant. |
Foreign languages are taught to develop intellectual discipline. Practical side-benefits are secondary. Latin is seen as a foundation for precise thinking, English vocabulary, appreciation of classical culture, and of course, et cetera. |
| General tendency is to bring books down to level of the contemporary student –books that will not overwhelm a limited vocabulary, cultural isolation, and a reluctance to read anything unfamiliar or difficult. |
Object is to bring student up to the level of great and classical literature, to teach appreciation for challenging books of all ages. |